Hierarchical entitlement system with integrated inheritance and limit checks

ABSTRACT

A hierarchical entitlement system with integrated inheritance and limit checks is described. In one embodiment, for example, a computer-implemented method is described for specifying and enforcing entitlements for performance of financial transactions, the method comprises steps of: providing a hierarchical entitlement structure with inheritance for specifying entitlements for performing financial transactions; receiving user input for defining a plurality of entitlement groups of the hierarchical entitlement structure, wherein each entitlement group has specified permissions to perform financial transactions, limits on performance of the financial transactions, and membership of each user; in response to a particular user request to perform a financial transaction at runtime, identifying the particular user&#39;s membership in a certain entitlement group; and determining whether to allow the particular user to perform the financial transaction based on permissions and limits of the hierarchical entitlement structure applicable to the particular user&#39;s performance of the financial transaction.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to and claims the benefit of priorityof the following commonly-owned, presently-pending provisionalapplication(s): application Ser. No. 60/521,221, filed Mar. 12, 2004,entitled “Hierarchical Entitlement System with Integrated Inheritanceand Limit Checks”, of which the present application is a non-provisionalapplication thereof. The disclosure of the foregoing application ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including anyappendices or attachments thereof, for all purposes.

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

APPENDIX DATA

Computer Program Listing Appendix under Sec. 1.52(e): This applicationincludes a transmittal under 37 C.F.R. Sec. 1.52(e) of a ComputerProgram Listing Appendix. The Appendix, which comprises text file(s)that are IBM-PC machine and Microsoft Windows Operating Systemcompatible, includes the below-listed file(s). All of the materialdisclosed in the Computer Program Listing Appendix can be found at theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office archives and is hereby incorporated byreference into the present application.

Object Description: SourceCode.txt, created: Mar. 12, 2004, 12:44 pm,size: 57.7 KB; Object ID: File No. 1; Object Contents: Source Code.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to data processing environmentsand, more particularly, to a hierarchical permission system providingmethodology for cumulative limit checks for financial servicesentitlements systems.

2. Description of the Background Art

In the area of financial services, there is a common need forauthorizing individuals having particular roles in an organization toperform a number of different functions or operations. The process ofdefining roles includes: (1) representing the hierarchy of anorganization, and (2) associating that hierarchy with specific employeesand employee types. What is special about financial services is thatthese roles are not only attached to specific functions (i.e., specificoperations, such as being able to initiate a wire transfer or anautomated clearing house (ACH) transaction), but also with a function ona particular object, such as being able to perform a wire transaction ona specific account. Also important in the area of financial services isthe notion of controlling access to objects regardless of function.Therefore, in addition to a role-based hierarchy for business users andbusiness employees, there is a need for provisioning both functions andobjects. Particularly important is the notion of overlaying both ofthose mechanisms with limit checks.

Limit checks may be explained as follows. Once employees are provisionedfor certain functions and objects, a business typically wants employeesof a particular position to perform certain operations on behalf of thebusiness. Accordingly, the business at that point will authorizeemployees of a given position or role to perform the operations, butwill also establish limits (i.e., limitations) on performing theoperations. Typically, the business will define that an employee of agiven position or role is allowed to perform operations up to aparticular limit (e.g., a dollar amount). For example, a given user maybe authorized to sign checks, but only up to a certain amount (e.g.,less than or equal to $1000). The limit checks themselves may be definedas a static per-transaction limit, a cumulative limit over a period oftime and/or a combined cumulative per-transaction and per-object limitover a period of time.

Given this backdrop, businesses need to be able to successfullyrepresent and manage a hierarchy to perform functions and to grantpermission for functions, as well as object-based permissions thereof,and businesses need to be able to attach limits to these functions andlimits to these objects. Additionally, businesses need to be able tospecify whether a given limit is a transaction-based limit or anobject-related limit. For instance, a business might need to specify:“Employee A is authorized to perform wire transactions up to $1,000.”However, the business might also need the ability to specify thatEmployee A is authorized to perform wire transactions of up to $1,000 ona certain account. The specification of authority granted to particularemployees or groups may grow more complex in order to meet the needs ofa business. For example, the business might also need the ability tospecify that Employee A is authorized to perform wire transactions on acertain account subject to the following limits: up to $1,000 of wiresper day, up to $10,000 of wires per month, and up to $30,000 of wiresper quarter. In addition to basic limit checks in the foregoing example,the business may also need to establish cumulative limit tracking forgroups of employees, including tracking on a per period basis. Periodsare typically daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, or the like.For example, all members of a given account payable group may only beauthorized for a total of up to $10,000 of wires per week.

Today, there are a number of hierarchical role based systems that exist,in the context of database systems and in the context ofpermission-based systems. None of those available systems, however, havean effective, flexible, highly efficient mechanism to maintain controlof hierarchical limit checks for both functions and objects. Therefore,although database and permission-based systems are available to definehierarchical roles, none of them have the ability to flexibly andefficiently implement limit checks.

All told, there are a wide range of financial activities that may beperformed through the hierarchy of roles that a business may establish.What is needed is a solution that allows businesses to authorizeactivities through a hierarchy of roles while also establishing andenforcing limits among multiple dimensions, thereby allowing constraintprocessing in a manner that achieves the business goals desired. Thesolution should allow multiple dimensions to be processed in differentcombinations along the lines of users and their groups, along the linesof hierarchical groups, along the lines of time periods, and along thelines of objects and functions (including monetary limits). The presentinvention provides a solution for these and other needs.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

A hierarchical entitlement system with integrated inheritance and limitchecks is described. In one embodiment, for example, acomputer-implemented method of the present invention is described forspecifying and enforcing entitlements for performance of financialtransactions, the method comprises steps of: providing a hierarchicalentitlement structure with inheritance for specifying entitlements forperforming financial transactions; receiving user input for defining aplurality of entitlement groups of the hierarchical entitlementstructure, wherein each entitlement group has specified permissions toperform financial transactions, limits on performance of the financialtransactions, and membership of each user; in response to a particularuser request to perform a financial transaction at runtime, identifyingthe particular user's membership in a certain entitlement group; anddetermining whether to allow the particular user to perform thefinancial transaction based on permissions and limits of thehierarchical entitlement structure applicable to the particular user'sperformance of the financial transaction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a very general block diagram of a computer system (e.g., anIBM-compatible system) in which software-implemented processes of thepresent invention may be embodied.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a software system for controlling theoperation of the computer system.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an environment in which the system of thepresent invention may be preferably embodied.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an entitlements hierarchy for oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A-B comprise a single flowchart illustrating at a high level themethodology of the present invention for defining a hierarchicalpermission structure and applying entitlements and limits defined by thestructure in determining whether to authorize certain activities.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Glossary

The following definitions are offered for purposes of illustration, notlimitation, in order to assist with understanding the discussion thatfollows.

HTML: HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language, the authoring languageused to create documents on the World Wide Web. HTML defines thestructure and layout of a Web document by using a variety of tags andattributes. For further description of HTML, see e.g., “HTML 4.01Specification”, a World Wide Web consortium recommendation dated Dec.24, 1999, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Acopy of this specification is available via the Internet (e.g.,currently at www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40).

J2EE: “J2EE” is an abbreviation for Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition,which is a platform-independent, Java-centric environment from SunMicrosystems for developing, building and deploying Web-based enterpriseapplications. The J2EE platform consists of a set of services, APIs, andprotocols that provide functionality for developing multi-tiered,web-based applications. For further information on J2EE, see e.g., “Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition Specification, version 1.4”, from SunMicrosystems, Inc., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference. A copy of this specification is available via the Internet(e.g., currently at java.sun.com/j2ee/j2ee-1_(—)4-fr-spec.pdf).

Java: Java is a general purpose programming language developed by SunMicrosystems. Java is an object-oriented language similar to C++, butsimplified to eliminate language features that cause common programmingerrors. Java source code files (files with a .java extension) arecompiled into a format called bytecode (files with a class extension),which can then be executed by a Java interpreter. Compiled Java code canrun on most computers because Java interpreters and runtimeenvironments, known as Java virtual machines (VMs), exist for mostoperating systems, including UNIX, the Macintosh OS, and Windows.Bytecode can also be converted directly into machine languageinstructions by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. Further description ofthe Java Language environment can be found in the technical, trade, andpatent literature; see e.g., Gosling, J. et al., “The Java LanguageEnvironment: A White Paper,” Sun Microsystems Computer Company, October1995, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Foradditional information on the Java programming language (e.g., version2), see e.g., “Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition Documentation, version1.4.2,” from Sun Microsystems, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference. A copy of this documentation is available viathe Internet (e.g., currently atjava.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/index.html).

JSP: JavaServer Pages (JSP) is a web-scripting technology similar toNetscape server-side JavaScript (SSJS) or Microsoft Active Server Pages(ASP). JSP is a presentation layer technology that sits on top of a Javaservlets model and makes working with HTML easier. It allows a developerto mix static HTML content with server-side scripting to produce dynamicoutput. By default, JSP uses Java as its scripting language; however,the specification allows other languages to be used, just as ASP can useother languages (such as JavaScript and VBScript). For furtherdescription of JavaServer Pages, see e.g., “JSR-000152 JavaServer Pages.0 Specification”, available from Sun Microsystems. A copy of thisspecification is available via the Internet (e.g., currently atjcp.org/aboutjava/communityprocess/final/jsr152/).

JDBC: JDBC is an application-programming interface (API) that providesdatabase access from the Java programming language. JDBC allows Javaapplications to access multiple database management systems. A set ofinterfaces is included in the standard JDBC API for opening connectionsto databases, executing SQL commands, and processing results. Eachrelational database management system usually requires a driver toimplement these interfaces. A JDBC driver manager typically handlesmultiple drivers that connect to different databases. Accordingly, JDBCcalls are generally sent to the JDBC driver manager, which passes thecall to the driver for interacting with the specified database. Forfurther information on JDBC, see e.g., “JDBC 3.0 API Documentation”,from Sun Microsystems, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference. A copy of this documentation is available via the Internet(e.g., currently atjava.sun.com/products/jdbc/download.html#corespec30).

Network: A network is a group of two or more systems linked together.There are many types of computer networks, including local area networks(LANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), metropolitan area networks(MANs), campus area networks (CANs), and wide area networks (WANs)including the Internet. As used herein, the term “network” refersbroadly to any group of two or more computer systems or devices that arelinked together from time to time (or permanently).

Relational database: A relational database is a collection of data itemsorganized as a set of formally-described tables from which data can beaccessed or reassembled in many different ways without having toreorganize the database tables. The relational database was invented byE. F. Codd at IBM in 1970. A relational database employs a set of tablescontaining data fitted into predefined categories. Each table (which issometimes called a relation) contains one or more data categories incolumns. The standard user and application program interface to arelational database is the structured query language (SQL), definedbelow.

SQL: SQL stands for Structured Query Language. The original versioncalled SEQUEL (structured English query language) was designed by IBM inthe 1970's. SQL-92 (or SQL/92) is the formal standard for SQL as set outin a document published by the American National Standards Institute in1992; see e.g., “Information Technology—Database languages—SQL”,published by the American National Standards Institute as AmericanNational Standard ANSI/ISO/IEC 9075: 1992, the disclosure of which ishereby incorporated by reference. SQL-92 was superseded by SQL-99 (orSQL3) in 1999.

Thread: A thread refers to a single sequential flow of control within aprogram. Operating systems that support multi-threading enableprogrammers to design programs whose threaded parts can executeconcurrently. In some systems, there is a one-to-one relationshipbetween the task and the program, but a multi-threaded system allows aprogram to be divided into multiple tasks. Multi-threaded programs mayhave several threads running through different code pathssimultaneously.

XML: XML stands for Extensible Markup Language, a specificationdeveloped by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). XML is a pared-downversion of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a system fororganizing and tagging elements of a document. XML is designedespecially for Web documents. It allows designers to create their owncustomized tags, enabling the definition, transmission, validation, andinterpretation of data between applications and between organizations.For further description of XML, see e.g., “Extensible Markup Language(XML) 1.0”, (2nd Edition, Oct. 6, 2000) a recommended specification fromthe W3C, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Acopy of this specification is available via the Internet (e.g.,currently at www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml).

Introduction

Referring to the figures, exemplary embodiments of the invention willnow be described. The following description will focus on the presentlypreferred embodiment of the present invention, which is implemented indesktop and/or server software (e.g., driver, application, or the like)operating in an Internet-connected environment running under anoperating system, such as the Microsoft Windows operating system. Thepresent invention, however, is not limited to any one particularapplication or any particular environment. Instead, those skilled in theart will find that the system and methods of the present invention maybe advantageously embodied on a variety of different platforms,including Macintosh, Linux, Solaris, UNIX, FreeBSD, and the like.Therefore, the description of the exemplary embodiments that follows isfor purposes of illustration and not limitation. The exemplaryembodiments are primarily described with reference to block diagrams orflowcharts. As to the flowcharts, each block within the flowchartsrepresents both a method step and an apparatus element for performingthe method step. Depending upon the implementation, the correspondingapparatus element may be configured in hardware, software, firmware orcombinations thereof.

Computer-Based Implementation

Basic System Hardware (e.g., for Desktop and Server Computers)

The present invention may be implemented on a conventional orgeneral-purpose computer system, such as an IBM-compatible personalcomputer (PC) or server computer. FIG. 1 is a very general block diagramof a computer system (e.g., an IBM-compatible system) in whichsoftware-implemented processes of the present invention may be embodied.As shown, system 100 comprises a central processing unit(s) (CPU) orprocessor(s) 101 coupled to a random-access memory (RAM) 102, aread-only memory (ROM) 103, a keyboard 106, a printer 107, a pointingdevice 108, a display or video adapter 104 connected to a display device105, a removable (mass) storage device 115 (e.g., floppy disk, CD-ROM,CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, or the like), a fixed (mass) storage device 116 (e.g.,hard disk), a communication (COMM) port(s) or interface(s) 110, a modem112, and a network interface card (NIC) or controller 111 (e.g.,Ethernet). Although not shown separately, a real time system clock isincluded with the system 100, in a conventional manner.

CPU 101 comprises a processor of the Intel Pentium family ofmicroprocessors. However, any other suitable processor may be utilizedfor implementing the present invention. The CPU 101 communicates withother components of the system via a bi-directional system bus(including any necessary input/output (I/O) controller circuitry andother “glue” logic). The bus, which includes address lines foraddressing system memory, provides data transfer between and among thevarious components. Description of Pentium-class microprocessors andtheir instruction set, bus architecture, and control lines is availablefrom Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. Random-access memory 102serves as the working memory for the CPU 101. In a typicalconfiguration, RAM of sixty-four megabytes or more is employed. More orless memory may be used without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. The read-only memory (ROM) 103 contains the basicinput/output system code (BIOS)—a set of low-level routines in the ROMthat application programs and the operating systems can use to interactwith the hardware, including reading characters from the keyboard,outputting characters to printers, and so forth.

Mass storage devices 115, 116 provide persistent storage on fixed andremovable media, such as magnetic, optical or magnetic-optical storagesystems, flash memory, or any other available mass storage technology.The mass storage may be shared on a network, or it may be a dedicatedmass storage. As shown in FIG. 1, fixed storage 116 stores a body ofprogram and data for directing operation of the computer system,including an operating system, user application programs, driver andother support files, as well as other data files of all sorts.Typically, the fixed storage 116 serves as the main hard disk for thesystem.

In basic operation, program logic (including that which implementsmethodology of the present invention described below) is loaded from theremovable storage 115 or fixed storage 116 into the main (RAM) memory102, for execution by the CPU 101. During operation of the programlogic, the system 100 accepts user input from a keyboard 106 andpointing device 108, as well as speech-based input from a voicerecognition system (not shown). The keyboard 106 permits selection ofapplication programs, entry of keyboard-based input or data, andselection and manipulation of individual data objects displayed on thescreen or display device 105. Likewise, the pointing device 108, such asa mouse, track ball, pen device, or the like, permits selection andmanipulation of objects on the display device. In this manner, theseinput devices support manual user input for any process running on thesystem.

The computer system 100 displays text and/or graphic images and otherdata on the display device 105. The video adapter 104, which isinterposed between the display 105 and the system's bus, drives thedisplay device 105. The video adapter 104, which includes video memoryaccessible to the CPU 101, provides circuitry that converts pixel datastored in the video memory to a raster signal suitable for use by acathode ray tube (CRT) raster or liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor. Ahard copy of the displayed information, or other information within thesystem 100, may be obtained from the printer 107, or other outputdevice. Printer 107 may include, for instance, an HP Laserjet printer(available from Hewlett Packard of Palo Alto, Calif.), for creating hardcopy images of output of the system.

The system itself communicates with other devices (e.g., othercomputers) via the network interface card (NIC) 111 connected to anetwork (e.g., Ethernet network, Bluetooth wireless network, or thelike), and/or modem 112 (e.g., 56K baud, ISDN, DSL, or cable modem),examples of which are available from 3Com of Santa Clara, Calif. Thesystem 100 may also communicate with local occasionally-connecteddevices (e.g., serial cable-linked devices) via the communication (COMM)interface 110, which may include a RS-232 serial port, a UniversalSerial Bus (USB) interface, or the like. Devices that will be commonlyconnected locally to the interface 110 include laptop computers,handheld organizers, digital cameras, and the like.

IBM-compatible personal computers and server computers are availablefrom a variety of vendors. Representative vendors include Dell Computersof Round Rock, Tex., Hewlett-Packard of Palo Alto, Calif., and IBM ofArmonk, N.Y. Other suitable computers include Apple-compatible computers(e.g., Macintosh), which are available from Apple Computer of Cupertino,Calif., and Sun Solaris workstations, which are available from SunMicrosystems of Mountain View, Calif.

Basic System Software

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a software system for controlling theoperation of the computer system 100. As shown, a computer softwaresystem 200 is provided for directing the operation of the computersystem 100. Software system 200, which is stored in system memory (RAM)102 and on fixed storage (e.g., hard disk) 116, includes a kernal oroperating system (OS) 210. The OS 210 manages low-level aspects ofcomputer operation, including managing execution of processes, memoryallocation, file input and output (I/O), and device I/O. One or moreapplication programs, such as client application software or “programs”201 (e.g., 201 a, 201 b, 201 c, 201 d) may be “loaded” (i.e.,transferred from fixed storage 116 into memory 102) for execution by thesystem 100. The applications or other software intended for use on thecomputer system 100 may also be stored as a set of downloadablecomputer-executable instructions, for example, for downloading andinstallation from an Internet location (e.g., Web server).

System 200 includes a graphical user interface (GUI) 215, for receivinguser commands and data in a graphical (e.g., “point-and-click”) fashion.These inputs, in turn, may be acted upon by the system 100 in accordancewith instructions from operating system 210, and/or client applicationmodule(s) 201. The GUI 215 also serves to display the results ofoperation from the OS 210 and application(s) 201, whereupon the user maysupply additional inputs or terminate the session. Typically, the OS 210operates in conjunction with device drivers 220 (e.g., “Winsock”driver—Windows' implementation of a TCP/IP stack) and the system BIOSmicrocode 230 (i.e., ROM-based microcode), particularly when interfacingwith peripheral devices. OS 210 can be provided by a conventionaloperating system, such as Microsoft Windows 9x, Microsoft Windows NT,Microsoft Windows 2000, or Microsoft Windows XP, all available fromMicrosoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. Alternatively, OS 210 can alsobe an alternative operating system, such as the previously mentionedoperating systems.

The above-described computer hardware and software are presented forpurposes of illustrating the basic underlying desktop and servercomputer components that may be employed for implementing the presentinvention. For purposes of discussion, the following description willpresent examples in which it will be assumed that there exists a“server” (e.g., Web server) that communicates with one or more “clients”(e.g., desktop computers). The present invention, however, is notlimited to any particular environment or device configuration. Inparticular, a client/server distinction is not necessary to theinvention, but is used to provide a framework for discussion. Instead,the present invention may be implemented in any type of systemarchitecture or processing environment capable of supporting themethodologies of the present invention presented in detail below.

Overview of Hierarchical Permission System with Limit Checks forEntitlements

The present invention comprises a hierarchical permission system withmethodology for multi-period cumulative limit checks forfunction-specific and object-specific entitlements. The system of thepresent invention allows an organization (such as a financialinstitution, corporation or business) to define an entitlementshierarchy that applies permissions to defined roles. In one embodiment,this entitlements hierarchy provides for allowing or restricting accessto specific functions of a financial application (e.g., a corporatebanking application). Each of the roles that is defined in the hierarchyis defined as a set of entitlements, with inheritance.

The present invention provides a system that allows the restriction oftransactional functionality for a business user, typically a bankcustomer, a bank employee and/or other financial services agent. Thefunctionality itself may be categorized as application-specificentitlements, transaction entitlements, and limits or limitentitlements. Application-specific entitlements pertain to the issue ofwhether a given user is allowed to perform certain functions (e.g.,create wire transactions). Application-specific entitlements aretypically used to limit access to features of a user interface.Transaction (or operation) entitlements pertain to the issue of whethera given user is allowed to perform a certain transaction or operation onan object. Transaction entitlements are typically used to limit accessto specific functions in a product. Limit entitlements pertain towhether a given user is allowed to perform any of the foregoing (i.e.,application-specific entitlements or transaction entitlements) up to acertain limit. Limit entitlements are typically used to set a maximumamount, such as setting a dollar limit for payment operations and otherbanking functions.

The hierarchical nature of the system is not unlike otherhierarchical-based role systems, where a given a role may be defined tohave certain functions. A given role may, in turn, have subroles thatinherit attributes of the parent (i.e., superior role). This approachmay be used to establish a hierarchy of roles, where roles are inheritedfrom above. In accordance with the present invention, however, theinheritance is negative (i.e., restrictive). A root node (“root”)resides at the top of the inheritance hierarchy and is predefined to beenabled for everything (e.g., all functions). The “root” serves as anadministrator or superuser who may perform all functions in the system.As the hierarchy is traversed, additional restrictions are applied(i.e., restrictions to functions at any given point in time). Using thisapproach, for example, a business owner can define what subroles existsin a business. For each role, certain functions would be enabled orrestricted. For each function that is enabled, the function is usuallyassociated with a limit and a period, thereby providing a maximum amountor volume per period as well as a fixed amount per transaction type. Inthis manner, individual business users may be easily added to thehierarchy and enabled to perform operations up to a certain limit.

An important aspect of the entitlements system and methodology of thepresent invention is the ability to define limits which can be appliedto individual users (group members) and/or groups. The entitlementssystem determines all limits and tracks running totals of activities peruser and/or per group (a group may, for example, be a business,division, or other group). A particular user may be affected by anylimits that have been specifically defined as applying to him or her aswell as limits defined for the group that he or she belongs to, one ormore parents of the group that he or she belongs to, and/or any limitsset for the business. These limits can, for example, be set for ACH(approval, activation, and maintenance), bill pay, account transfers,wire transfers, and the like. Limits may be set so that the user cannotexceed the limit (the transaction is rejected and the user will receivean error message), or transactions can be handled using an approvalworkflow supported by an approval system (e.g., transactions in excessof limit require approval from another user or administrator).

The system and methodology of the present invention allows anorganization to define limits that are not only cumulative to a specificrole but that also roll up through the entire role hierarchy. A businessmay, for example, specify that (1) its accounts receivable function isable to perform wire transactions, subject to limits of $1,000 per wire,$1,000 per day, and $20,000 per month, (2) its accounts payable functionhas the same limit, but (3) the controller function has a different setof limits. Suppose that, for this particular business, the accountsreceivable, accounts payable, and controller function roll up to the CFO(chief financial officer) function in the organization's hierarchy, andthe CFO role itself has a specified limit of $50,000 per day and$100,000 per month. In this circumstance, the present invention enablesthe organization to define and enforce limitations that the combinationof functions under the CFO cannot collectively spend more than the limitspecified for the CFO.

Additionally, the system supports future payments. For example, a usermay schedule a payment for Monday two weeks hence. In addition tocapturing information about the role that the user belongs to, thesystem will limit check the action with the amount on the effectivedate, not on the submission date. This allows the system to control useractions to ensure that limit checks will not be exceeded at a futuredate.

The present invention provides a flexible solution to define a hierarchyof roles and to establish and enforce entitlements of these roles toperform a wide range of activities. The solution allows businesses toestablish and enforce limits among multiple dimensions, thereby allowingconstraint processing in a manner that achieves the business goalsdesired. Dimensions may be processed in different combinations along thelines of users and their groups, along the lines of hierarchical groups,along the lines of time periods, and along the lines of objects andfunctions (including monetary limits).

The solution is particularly useful in conjunction with common bankingor financial services applications. The individual banking or financialservices applications may each perform its own specialized functions,but collectively they may share the same business functions—that is,across different types of applications in a financial serviceenvironment (e.g., banking, brokerage, insurance, or paymentenvironment). Consider, for example, a firm that provides both bankingand insurance services. That firm may, as a business rule, desire toshare a single instance of a role hierarchy (and its multiple functions)across its entire organization, that is, across its business functions.

The present invention also provides a self-contained solution that isnot inherently part of any given financial services application.Instead, it is separately broken out, thus giving it the flexibility tobe deployed with different types of applications. It is particularlywell-suited for use with any application that needs to deal with theabove-described processing and transaction functions. The system of thepresent invention is pre-populated with a set of default rules for acommon set of business functions, limits, and transaction types.However, the rules are fully user extensible. Here, a user may addarbitrary object types, transaction types, limit types, period types,and the like. This provides an easy mechanism to extend theinfrastructure in a manner that best suits a particular organization'sown needs.

The system also facilitates customization of the solution to suit anorganization's needs by providing certain roles that are allowed toperform operations on other roles. Consider the roles of a business,which includes a business owner. The business owner may determine thatparticular individuals are allowed to make certain modifications to thatbusiness in terms of entitlements and may define administrator roles forthese individuals. The individuals may then administer the permissions(entitlements) of certain target groups.

In the context of a banking application, it may be the case that onlycertain bank employees (e.g., customer service representatives or CSRs)are allowed to make certain modifications to the permissions(entitlements) provided to certain customer groups to perform bankingtransactions. For example, a bank's CSR entitlements group may beallowed to authorize certain changes to the entitlements of a customerbusiness group (e.g., to increase transaction limits). A business ownercannot give himself or herself a higher limit for performing bankingtransactions on a given day, but a business owner may essentially assignroles to a business and then perform entitlements within the limits andranges that the bank has established. Therefore, in the context of thebank application, the increased limits would have to be approved by anappropriate bank employee (e.g., CSR) or officer. If a business requireschanges in its daily, weekly, or monthly limits, then those can only bemodified by some other entitlements group that has “administration”privilege over the particular business. The components of the systemwill next be described.

System Components

Components of Currently Preferred Embodiment

In one embodiment, the present invention is commercially embodied as acomponent of a Financial Fusion (trademark) Corporate Banking Solutionapplication. Although the following discussion describes utilization ofthe present invention as a component of this Corporate Banking Solutionproduct, the present invention is not limited to use in this context andmay be used in a wide range of other applications. For example, thesystem and methodology of the present invention may also be used inconjunction with consumer banking applications, brokerage and tradingapplications, and a number of other financial and business applications.

The Financial Fusion Corporate Banking Solution, which is based on Java2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) components, allows users to manage a widevariety of banking services from a single Web portal providingconnectivity to a number of back-end systems. The solution usesJavaServer Pages (JSPs) to provide information to customers in a Webportal and includes back-end system connectivity tools facilitatingcustomization of the solution to address specific customer requirements.The Corporate Banking Solution design is modular; it is based on aseries of application components that are integrated and yet can becustomized to address particular customer requirements. It includes aframework that supports middleware services and provides tools toenhance and support customization and back-end integration. The solutionincludes three tiers: a Web tier; an application tier; and a back-endtier. These tiers work together to create the user interface (UI) andbusiness logic solutions that make up the Corporate Banking Solution.Each of these tiers will be briefly described.

The Web tier includes static and dynamic presentation layers which worktogether to create a dynamic Web user interface. To develop a specificuser interface (UI), a Web designer creates the HTML content and imagesfor the JSP pages, and a Web developer would create supporting JSP taglibraries and beans. All of these elements reside on the Web tier. Thestatic presentation layer typically consists of static HTML files andimages that reside on a Web server. When a user accesses the portal(i.e., Web server), this layer provides any static information to theuser interface. If the user requests information from a back-officedatabase or makes some other interactive request, these actions areredirected to JSPs in the dynamic presentation layer on the CorporateBanking Solution application server. The dynamic presentation layerconsists of the JSPs, tag libraries, XML files, services, tasks, andJava Beans that provide dynamic content delivery over the Web. JSPs areredirected and processed by the application server. HTML is issued fromthe JSP layer and displayed through a Web browser.

The application tier implements the business logic to complete requestsmade by the user using the Web tier (i.e., user interface). Theapplication tier includes an end user (corporate banking) module (e.g.,for use by bank customers) and a customer service representative(business central) module (e.g., for use by bank employees) as well as acore API for receiving requests from the user interface (UI), forwardingthem to the back-end systems, and returning responses from the back-endsystems to the UI. The following discussion will focus on those modulesof the Corporate Banking Solution which implement the system andmethodology of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an environment 300 in which the system ofthe present invention may be preferably embodied. As shown, the browsers311, 313 represent clients connected to the corporate banking module 320and business central module 325, respectively. The corporate bankingmodule 320 provides the JSPs, tasks, and beans that make up the core ofthe Corporate Banking Solution. Modules provided by the CorporateBanking Solution include administration, account management, cashmanagement, positive pay, controlled disbursements, lockbox, paymentsand transfers, domestic and international wire transfers, ACH and taxpayments, reporting, alerts, messages, and check imaging. The CorporateBanking Solution includes a CSR (Customer Service Representative) moduleshown in FIG. 3 as the Business Central module which allows bankemployees to manage usage and access of the Corporate Banking Solution.

Supporting applications and services are provided through the FinancialFusion (trademark) Server (or simply “server”) 330. Of particularinterest, the services provided through the server 330 include anentitlements service 335 which implements core methodology of thepresent invention. The entitlements service module 335 is an executionengine that includes the core logic of the present invention andinteracts with other components. The entitlement services 335 and theserver 330 may support (i.e., provide services to) multipleapplications. It should be noted that although the server 330 is shownseparately from the corporate banking module 320 and business centralmodule 325 at FIG. 3, these modules could, in fact, be installed andimplemented on one machine or a plurality of machines, as desired.

In addition to the entitlements service 335, the server 330 alsoincludes a cache 340, an adapter 345, and a JDBC driver 350 forconnecting to a back-end entitlements database 370. The cache 340provides for retaining certain entitlement information locally at theserver 330 to avoid having to repeatedly read and update entitlementinformation in the database 370. This caching feature is described belowin more detail. The adapter 345 and JDBC driver 350 provide forconnectivity to the entitlements database 370. The entitlements database370 comprises a conventional database (e.g., as supplied by Sybase, Inc.of Dublin, Calif., Oracle Corporation of Redwood Shores, Calif., or IBMCorporation of Armonk, N.Y.) for storing entitlements information. Theentitlements database 370 includes a persistent database schema forrepresentation of a hierarchical permission structure.

Database Schema for Representation of Hierarchical Roles

The present invention supports a role-based authorization model. A rolespecifies a group of entitlements. Entitlement groups represent rolesand may be layered hierarchically. An entitlement entry restricts a userfrom performing a business operation (e.g., wire transfer) on a specificset of business objects (e.g., one or more accounts). For example, anentitlement defined for a particular user may restrict the user fromperforming wire transfers on a set of accounts. Currently, a customer,business, and bank employee may be part of at most one entitlementgroup, to deal with idiosyncrasies related to managing and maintaininglimits.

As shown above, users are associated with entitlement groups(“entitlement_group”) within the entitlements system. An“entitlement_group” is identified by its primary key “ent_group_id”. Inorder to support service bureau deployment, a group may also beassociated with a “svc_bureau_id” (given that a group may be associatedwith a set of properties, this may also be modeled as a property), whichallows the invention to be employed in an ASP (Application ServiceProvider) setting.

An “entitlement_group” table establishes the hierarchy for all thegroups. It should be noted that for any entitlement group(“ent_group_id”), there is only one parent. The system allows for thedefinition of multiple entitlement trees. Each tree has a single root.Entitlement permissions are modeled as operations on objects. Thus, whenan entitlement is restricted, both an operation name and an object arespecified. The object is identified by an “object_type” (e.g., accounts)and an “object_id” (e.g., account number). More importantly, anoperation name and an object may be wild-carded. This means thatpermission can be removed for a certain operation (e.g., wire transfer)across all objects. It also means permission can be restricted tooperate on an object, regardless of the operation.

The root of each tree is implicitly associated with all operations(e.g., wire transfer, ACH, and so forth) available to the system. Inaddition, any particular node of the tree may be associated with a setof objects that are available to the group and its descendants (e.g.,the list of accounts that is available to a business). Each descendantin the tree inherits these entitlements from its parent. The privilegesof a descendant group are constrained by restricting entitlements fromthe descendant group. There will typically be multiple entries in the“entitlement_del” table for a particular group, one for each entitlementthat is restricted for the group.

An “entitlement_admin” attribute lists all target entitlement groups onwhich a particular group can perform admin operations (i.e., on whichthe particular group has “admin” and/or “extend” privileges). Bydefault, the group that creates another group gets “admin” privilege onthe newly added group. “Admin” (administrative) privilege over a groupallows the administrator (i.e., group with admin privileges) to modifyattributes and/or delete the group over which it has admin privilege.Similarly, an “extent” privilege allows extending (i.e., addingdescendants) to a group.

Importantly, the system of the present invention also provides a veryflexible mechanism for defining limits. Limits may be defined relativeto entitlement functions, objects, and/or a combination of the two. Theentitlements database may include a row for each limit, which meansthere will often be multiple rows for each entitlements group. In thecurrently preferred embodiment, the limit is associated with the“entitlement_group” by “ent_group_id” (i.e., foreign key). The limit'sprimary key is “limit_id”.

All entitlement entries will enumerate restricted entitlements only.Having a complete list of entitlements at each level would make thehierarchy much less efficient—changing a parent group entitlement, orchoosing a different parent group would not automatically reflectchanges down the entitlement tree. In an alternative embodiment, a usermay be associated with more than one entitlements group. The concept ofan entitlement user allows users to be associated with one or moreentitlements groups. “Ent_group_type” can be used by the application toidentify that a node in the Entitlements tree is of a certain,application specific type.

Basic Structure and Administration of the Entitlements Hierarchy

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an entitlements hierarchy 400 for oneembodiment of the present invention. This example is a small sample ofthe total set of entitlements and users that a business may define usingthe system and methodology of the present invention. As shown, eachgroup (represented as a box in the tree) is identified by its “grouped”.Each group consists of entitlements that are restricted at that level,and possibly limits that will be applied. Note that the group as it isimplemented in the database does not actually contain users, but theusers refer to the group. All of the limits and restricted entitlementsare inherited from groups above (i.e., the parent of the group, itsparent, and so forth). For example, groupId 15 (i.e., IT for “Bob's Baitand Tackle”), inherits entitlements and limits from groups 14, 8, 7,and 1. Additional restrictions may then be applied to this group (IT for“Bob's Bait and Tackle”) so as to restrict certain entitlementsinherited from the parent groups.

The sample entitlements hierarchy illustrated at FIG. 4 models a simplebanking hierarchy as follows. EFS with groupID=1 has all permissions andis considered to be the root node. There are two children of the rootnode: Bank employees, with groupID=2; and Customers with groupID=7. TheBank employees' node (groupID=2) may, for instance, have all of the samepermissions of the root node. The Customers node (groupID=7) alsoinherits from the root node, but may have restrictions applied in orderto reserve certain administrative activities to Bank employees. Forexample, employees of the given bank or financial institution may begiven permission to perform different operations. They may create marketsegments, service packages, and different types of business users andmarketing managers, and entitle them to perform different functions.

As shown at FIG. 4, the Bank employees are divided into four categoriesor groups: personal bankers, admin, message center, and applicationcenter, with groupIDs 3-6, respectively. Each of these groups isrepresented as a child node of the Bank employees group. At the samelevel Customers are divided into one of three market segments (each ofwhich may have an associated banking service package): Platinum, Gold,and Silver, with groupIDs 8, 9, and 10, respectively. Each marketsegment can then be further divided. Each of these market segments may,for example, be divided into consumer and business groups. As shown, thePlatinum group (groupID=8) has as its children a Platinum consumersgroup (groupID=11) and a “Bob's Bait and Tackle” business (groupID=14).A business can also be divided into various entitlement groups. As shownat FIG. 4, Bob's Bait and Tackle has the following four children: IT(groupID—15), Research (groupID=16), Marketing (groupID=17), and Finance(groupID=18). Different entitlements may be defined for each of theseentitlement groups. Generally, entitlements are further restricted asone goes further down the tree structure (e.g., by taking awayentitlements, reducing limits, and so forth).

Each entitlement group will generally have associated with it a list ofgroups that can administer the entitlement group. For instance, assumethat the admin group (groupID=4) can administer the Platinum and GoldCustomer groups (groupID=8 and groupID=9). This means that any member ofthe admin group can administer the entitlements hierarchy for thesetarget groups. In administering the entitlements hierarchy, by defaultthe creator of a group may administer the group (i.e., has adminprivilege) and may add descendants to the group (i.e., extendprivilege). Additionally, entitlement groups (not specific users) haveadministrative rights over other entitlement groups. Administrativeprivilege over an entitlement group allows the administrator to modifygroup attributes and grant and revoke permissions, includingadministrative (admin) privileges. Also, it should be noted thatadministrative privilege over a parent of a given group does notautomatically imply an administrative privilege over the given group orits descendants. The process for defining a hierarchical permissionstructure and associating multi-period limit checks forfunction-specific and object-specific entitlements will next bedescribed in more detail.

Detailed Operation

Defining Entitlement Groups and Evaluating Entitlements and Limits

FIGS. 5A-B comprise a single flowchart 500 illustrating at a high levelthe methodology of the present invention for defining a hierarchicalpermission structure and applying entitlements and limits defined by thestructure in determining whether to authorize certain activities. Thefollowing discussion uses an example in which the system and methodologyof the present invention is used in conjunction with a bankingapplication. However, this is only one example of its application andthe present invention may also be used in a wide range of otherfinancial and business applications. The following description presentsmethod steps that may be implemented using computer-executableinstructions, for directing operation of a device under processorcontrol. The computer-executable instructions may be stored on acomputer-readable medium, such as CD, DVD, flash memory, or the like.The computer-executable instructions may also be stored as a set ofdownloadable computer-executable instructions, for example, fordownloading and installation from an Internet location (e.g., Webserver).

The first phase of operations provides an organization (e.g., a bank,financial institution, or business) using the system to specify ahierarchical permission structure that is to govern various operationsthat are to be performed. This involves several steps. At step 501,entities of the hierarchical permission structure are defined. Thesystem of the present invention enables the hierarchical permissionstructure to be defined with the following entities: entitlement groups,group members, admin groups, entitlement functions, entitlement periods,limit values, and object types. As described above, entitlement groupsrepresent roles (sets of entitlements) and are hierarchicallystructured. Group members are specific users who belong to anentitlements group. Each entitlement group also has at least one admingroup. An admin group is an entitlement group that has the right tomodify the definitions of a target group (or set of target groups). Theadmin group is said to have “admin” (i.e., administrative) privilegeover the target group(s). In addition, each group also has at least oneextend group. An extend group is an entitlement group that may add childgroups to the target group. The extend group is said to have extendprivilege over the target group. In addition, arbitrary attributes maybe defined and associated with every group. For example, an arbitraryattribute may be a geographic location of a particular group.

Next, at step 502, the entitlement groups and other entities areorganized into a tree hierarchy for specifying the relationship ofentities and the permissions (or entitlements) of each entitlement groupto perform various operations. Generally, the root node (rootentitlement group in the tree structure) is allowed to perform allfunctions (or operations) that are available in the system. In otherwords, all functions or operations that one wishes to entitle users toperform should be available to the root node given that other groupsinherit from the root. Each group in the tree may be defined to have anynumber of children. By default, each child group inherits all thefunctions available to its parent. In other words, each child in thetree inherits the entitlements from its parent. Furthermore, all objects(e.g., accounts) available to the parent are also accessible by thechild. At this step, group members (e.g., individual users or an entitysuch as a check printer) are also associated with a particularentitlements group. By default, this means that the group member'sentitlements are the same as the group's entitlements. However, asdescribed below, further restrictions may be applied to group members aswell as groups. Each group may also be associated with one or moreproperty lists. This allows the system to be extended.

At this point, the entities have been defined and the entitlement groupshave been organized into a tree structure. At step 503, the privilegesof each descendant group and/or group member are constrained by removing(or restricting) entitlements inherited by the descendant group from itsparent (or by a member from a group). For each child group, any numberof functions owned by the parent group may be restricted (or removed)and specific periodic (or per-transaction) limits may be associated witheach of those functions. The same is true for specifying entitlementsrelating to objects. Various types of limits may also be specified forgroups and group members. The limits that are defined may apply to anoperation for which permissions can be granted or restricted such as,for example, creating wire transfers. The child group may, for example,have a lower limit for wire transfers (e.g., $1,000 compared to $10,000for its parent). The limits may also be defined to apply with respect toobjects that are acted upon by an operation such as, for example, a bankaccount. The system allows definition of both object types andentitlements. This allows the system to support transaction-based,object-based, and combined transaction-object-based limits. It should benoted that steps 501-503 above are not necessarily performed in theorder described above. Those skilled in the art will appreciate thatentities, relationships, limits, and other attributes and properties maybe defined and specified in an iterative fashion. The hierarchicalpermission structure will also typically be adjusted and modified fromtime to time after it is initially implemented.

After the organization has specified a hierarchical permission structurethat is to govern operations that are to be performed, at runtime thesystem of the present invention may also maintain and enforce theentitlements specified in this permission structure. This may includetwo additional phases of operation. The first involves performing anentitlements check and the second involves performing a limit check. Anentitlements check and a limit check for determining whether to permit agiven operation will now be described. At step 504, a group member(e.g., individual user) may attempt to perform an operation at runtime,such as requesting issuance of a wire transfer from a particularaccount. At step 505, the system commences an entitlements check byidentifying the group member that is attempting to perform theoperation.

Next, at step 506, the system dynamically constructs a set ofentitlements for the group member (i.e., the user making the request inthis example) based on looking up any entitlement restrictions recordedfor the group member, the member's group (i.e., entitlement group) andany parent entitlement groups. As described below, a caching mechanismis employed for entitlement checking which enables the present inventionto have both a low run-time cost for entitlement checking (a very commonoperation) and a low memory-footprint. After the entitlements have beendynamically constructed, a determination is made, at step 507, as towhether the group member (i.e., user) is entitled to perform theoperation on this particular account object. Generally, if the operationis restricted at any level (i.e., at the member, group, or any parent),then the entitlement check fails. Otherwise, if the operation is notrestricted at any level the group member is entitled to perform theoperation.

If the group member (user) is entitled to the perform the operation, thesystem may then perform a limit check. The limit check process usescertain information already collected in the above steps, including theidentification of the group member that is attempting to perform theoperation. At step 508, the system then looks up any limits recorded forthe group member, the member's entitlement group, and any parent groups.At this step the running total values associated with these limits arealso retrieved (e.g., from cache). Running total values of financialtransactions performed are maintained for purposes of determiningcompliance with limits (e.g., cumulative limits).

At step 509, the running total value associated with the limits arechecked against the limits recorded for the member and the applicableentitlement groups. Based on the results of this step, the processproceeds to step 510 or 511. If any of the running total values exceedtheir defined limit values the system will, at step 510, return the listof limits that were exceeded. An application (or user) may then takeaction based on this information. This may include denying the operationor prompting a user (e.g., system administrator or bank employee) fordetermining whether or not the applicable limits may be exceeded in thisparticular instance. Otherwise, if none of the running total valuesexceed the defined limits, at step 511, the respective running totalvalues affected by this operation will be updated and the system returnssuccess indicating that the group member is entitled to perform theoperation and the operation is within limits. The requested operationmay then proceed.

Two caches are provided in the currently preferred embodiment in orderto improve performance of the above operations. A first, lower-levelcache includes raw data from the database in order to avoid repeatedlyreading the same information. A second, higher-level cache maintains“cumulative” entitlement information. This information is the result ofresolving all of the group member's permissions that were inherited atvarious levels of the entitlements hierarchy. The internal structuresfor caching entitlements information are described in more detail below.

Internal Structures for Caching Entitlements and Limits

In the currently preferred embodiment of the present inventionentitlements are modeled as three-tuples which represent negativepermissions (restricted entitlements). The format of the tuples is:(operation, obj_type, obj_id). Wildcarding is allowed in each of thepositions resulting in the following possible combinations ofentitlement information:

(1) (*, *, *)—all entitlements removed;

(2) (*, obj_type, *)—no operations allowed on the given obj_type;

(3) (*, obj_type, obj_id)—no operations allowed on the given obj_id;

(4) (operation, *, *)—the operation is disallowed on all objects;

(5) (operation, obj_type, *)—the operation is disallowed on the givenobj_types; and

(6) (operation, obj_type, obj_id)—the operation is disallowed on thegiven obj_id.

(Note that an obj_id implies an obj_type. In other words, the presenceof an obj_id implies that an obj_type exists.)

The caching mechanism of the present invention must have both a lowrun-time cost for entitlement checking (a very common operation) and aslow a memory-footprint as possible (each user will cause the caching ofmultiple groups).

In certain special cases a user can take advantage of the enumerationsthat are known in advance and available for both “operation andobj_type”, and build a two-stage data structure—one that couldpotentially answer “False” very quickly for a given (operation,obj_type) pair. If an immediate “False” cannot be returned, then asecondary data structure will be checked. It should be noted that tuple1 (above) is equivalent to the two-tuple (*,*) as obj_id implies that anobj_type must exist. It can therefore be represented by a single Booleanvalue and does not need additional storage. It should also be noted thattuple 4 can be represented simply by a bit vector where one bit isallocated to each operation. Again, no additional data structure isneeded because there can be no obj_ids specified in the tuple.Therefore, a very quick “False” result can be potentially generated bychecking a Boolean and bit within a vector. Together, checking these twovalues will indicate whether further checking into a more complicateddata structure is needed.

In most standard cases in the current invention, tuples of the form 2,3, 5, and 6 (above) require extra checking as they can all legallycontain an obj_id. The universe of legal obj_ids are not known inadvance and therefore require a flexible data structure that, for agiven (operation, obj_type) pair, contains an arbitrary number ofobj_id. The secondary data structure currently consists of an array ofHashMaps. Each entry in the array will hold a Hashmap containing theobj_ids for a specific operation and obj_type (with a single exceptiondetailed below). In other words, the index into the array will becomputed from operation X obj_type. Checks involving either tuples 2 or3 will occupy the array indices “0 . . . n−1”, indexed by obj_type.Checks involving tuples 5 and 6 will begin at “n” and go through to“n+n*m”. For a given array entry, if no HashMap exists then the user isentitled. If a HashMap exists, then the presence of either a wildcardentry (for example, “*”), or obj_ids implies that the user is notentitled to the operation on the object_type and on the given obj_ids.

Data Structures

In the currently preferred embodiment of the system, the adapter levelwill cache the raw entitlement groups. At its topmost level, the cacheneeds to map entitlement group ids to data structures representinglimits and entitlements. The top-level cache is therefore represented asa mapping from entitlement_id to GroupCache. The Group-Cache objectcontains: (1) EntitlementGroup; (2) Limits; (3) boolean allOff(represents tuple 1 (*,*,*)); (4) bitset op_restricted (represents tuple4); (5) array of HashTable (represents tuples 2, 3, 5, and 6); and (6)Timestamp.

Pseudo-code for an entitlement check looks something like the following:

1: check_entitlement(operation, obj_type, obj_id) 2: // For convenience,assume operation and obj_type 3: // are mapped to integers 4: if (allOff || op_restricted[operation] ) { 5:  return false; 6: } else { 7://Start with tuples 2 and 3 8:  int index; 9:  if( operation.equals(”*”) ) { // * represents wildcard 10:   index = obj_type; 11:  } else {12: index = n + (obj_type * m) + operation 13: } 14: 15: Hashtable ht =array[index]; 16: 17: // If there is no hashtable listing restrictions,18: // then the operation is allowed 19: if (ht != null && (ht.get(”*”)!= null || ht.get(obj_id) != null)) return false; 20: }else 21:  returntrue; 22: } 23: }

The same GroupCache data structure is used to manage cumulativeentitlements. Forming a cumulative group entry involves walking thegroup tree from the requested group to the root node and: (1) settingallOff to true if it is true anywhere; (2) logically OR'ing theop_restricted bit vector with that of parent groups; (3) creating theunion of the hash tables at each array index; (4) computing the mostrestrictive limits from each group; and (5) recording the time thecumulative entitlement was computed.

The cache of raw entitlements and limits is currently held at theadapter level. Operations on entitlements, limits, and groups willmaintain consistency with the cache and database, so that entries in thecache will always be valid. The timestamp field in the raw entitlementGroupCache object will always refer to the time of last access.

When requested from the adapter, the cumulative entitlements will alwaysbe valid, but subsequent changes made to any of the groups involved willinvalidate the cumulative entitlements. Therefore, a cleanup process(“reaper thread”) is scheduled to run at fixed intervals; this threadwill clean-up the cumulative entitlement groups that were generatedgreater than X milliseconds ago.

The raw (adapter-level) cache also periodically needs to be cleaned-upas otherwise it would continue to grow without bound. The GroupCacheobject maintains a timestamp that is updated with current system timeupon each access and all groups that have not been accessed within acertain period of time are removed.

Common Terms Used in Entitlements System

The following lists some common terms which are used in the followingdiscussion of the entitlements system and the meaning of such terms:

Entitlement Type: An operation for which permissions can be granted orrestricted, for example, Tax Payments.

Limit Type: An operation that is permitted with specific constraints,for example, Wires Create (i.e., creating wire transfers).

Object Type: An item that is acted upon by an operation, for example,accounts or ACH companies.

Entitlement Group: A group that specifies a set of similar permissions.Entitlement groups represent roles (sets of entitlements) and arehierarchically structured. The system of the present invention allowsfor the definition of multiple entitlement trees. Each descendant in thetree inherits the entitlements from its parent. The privileges of adescendant group are constrained by removing (or restricting)entitlements of the parent from the descendant group.

Entitlement Group Member: A specific user who belongs to an entitlementsgroup.

Limit: A specified numerical amount per transaction and/or over a periodof time, which constrains the use of a particular operation. Limits areused to set a maximum amount for a user or group to transfer betweenaccounts, to pay bills, and so forth. These limits can be set on aper-transaction basis or be tied to running totals, such that abusiness, group, or user may not exceed a limit over a specified periodof time, such as daily, weekly, monthly, or quarterly. For example, aparticular entitlements group may be subject to a limitation of up to$10,000 per month on wire transfers.

Restricted Entitlements: Entitlements for which specific users or groupsdo not have permission relative to the parent.

Cumulative Entitlements: List of entitlements for which a user or groupdoes not have permission.

Restricted Limit: Limits for which specific users or groups do not havepermission relative to the parent.

Cumulative Limits: List of limits for which users or groups do not havepermission.

Entitlement Type Properties: Name and value pairs that provide extrainformation about an entitlement type, such as specifying where and whenan entitlement type is displayed in the user interface. For example, anentitlement type with a property named “category” and an assigned valueof “per group” may appear in the group administration pages.

Limit Type Properties: Name and value pairs that provide extrainformation about a limit type, such as specifying where and when alimit type is displayed in the user interface. For example, a limit typewith a property named “category” and an assigned value of “per group”may appear in the group administration pages.

Extend: An action which creates sub-groups from parent groups.

Service Bureau ID: Identification number to allow for operations in aService Bureau environment (e.g., support for multiple banks hosted in asingle environment.)

Administrator: A user who has the ability to change company and userinformation in the entitlements system.

Entitlement Types

The following list identifies some of the available entitlement types.The entitlement types list is provided as a default list in thecurrently preferred embodiment of the present invention; a user cancreate a new list of entitlements or modify the default entitlementtypes list to suit their business needs:

The following are examples of entitlements for Bank employees that areprovided by default in the currently preferred embodiment of the presentinvention:

Manage Consumer Banking—enables management of Consumer users;

Manage Corporate Banking—enables management of Corporate users;

BankEmployeeCreate—provides for adding a new bank employee;

BankEmployeeEdit—provides for modifying a bank employee;

BankEmployeeDelete—enables removal of a bank employee; and

BankEmployeeView—provides for viewing information about a bank employee.

Examples of entitlements that may be provided to Corporate users of acorporate banking application (e.g., the above-described CorporateBanking Solution) include the following:

Payments—provides access to Bill Payment functionality;

Tax Payments—enables one to get, add, and delete items from the list ofTax Forms and provides access to Tax Payment functionality;

Cash Management—provides access to the Cash Flow Summary information;

Positive Pay—provides access to Positive Pay functionality;

Cash Flow Reporting—provides access to Cash Management functionality;

Controlled Disbursements—provides access to the Controlled Disbursementsfunctionality; and

Lockbox—provides access to the Lockbox functionality.

Limit Types

Importantly, the hierarchical, role-based permission system alsoprovides for defining and enforcing several types of limits. Thefollowing list identifies and describes some of the available limittypes that are provided as a default list in the currently preferredembodiment of the solution:

ACHBatch—is a limit for ACH Batches;

Payments—is a limit for Bill Payments;

Tax Payments—is a limit for Tax Payments;

Transfers—is a limit for all transfers;

Transfers From—is a limit for transferring from an account;

Transfers To—is a limit for transferring to an account;

Wires Create—is a limit for creating wires; and

Wires Release—is a limit for releasing wires.

As indicated above, these limit types are provided as a default list anda user can create a new list of limit types and/or modify the defaultlimit types list to suit their business needs. The limits may also bedefined on a per-transaction basis and/or cumulative basis (e.g., overone or more time periods) and may be applied to individuals and groupsin the hierarchy. These limits may also be defined to “roll up” thehierarchy, enabling not only specific limits to be applied toindividuals or small groups, but also providing for more generallimitations to be applied to larger segments of an organization.

Using the System to Define and Monitor Entitlements

The system of the present invention provides control and management ofaspects of an entitlements hierarchy. A user can access the APIs andtasks directly, or use an entitlements manager component (tool) tomanage the entitlements master list, perform initial configuration ofthe entitlements hierarchy, add custom entitlements and limits,troubleshoot any entitlement issues, and perform other actions.

The entitlements manager may be used to perform the following tasks: addand delete an entitlement type; add, modify, remove an entitlement typeproperty; add and delete a limit type; add, modify, remove a limit typeproperty; add and delete an object type; add, modify, delete anentitlement group; add, modify, delete an entitlement subgroup; add,modify, delete a restricted entitlement; add, modify, delete a limit;add, modify, delete a group member; and/or move a group member to adifferent group.

Generally, when entitlements are checked, they are first checked inmemory (cache). If the specified entitlement is not found, the systemchecks the cache of the database instance.

Customizing Entitlements

A user can customize the system of present invention to suit their needsby adding custom entitlements and limits. The user can customize thesystem to control access to new features through entitlements andlimits. The following list outlines the procedure to add new featuresand control access: (1) add new entitlement types and limit types usingthe entitlements manager; (2) adjust the menus to display or hide itemsbased on the new entitlements; (3) adjust the templates to display orhide items based on the new entitlements; (4) insert new programmingcode into the user's service implementation to check the newentitlements and limits; and (5) restart the application server. If theuser has changed the underlying programming code, the user may also needto recompile and re-deploy the application.

Submitting a Transaction into Approvals

In its currently preferred embodiment, the system of the presentinvention operates in conjunction with an approvals system (subsystem).If a transaction or operation exceeds one or more limits defined above,rather than simply denying the transaction or operation, theentitlements system may interact with the approvals system to determineif the transaction or operation should be allowed to proceed. Forexample, the system may specify whether or not particular limits may beexceeded with approval. In this event, when a limit check determineslimits have been exceeded, a check is made to determine if all of theexceeded limits allow approval. If so, the transaction is then submittedto the approvals system for determining whether or not to approve thetransaction.

Adding Entitlements and Limits for Specific Permissions

If the default entitlement types in the entitlements manager do not suitthe needs of an organization, a user (e.g., administrator) may definemore specific entitlement types. For example, the default entitlementtype “Lockbox” is available in the entitlements manager and is used tocontrol all Lockbox functionality. If an administrator wants to allowsome users to see Lockbox Summaries, but not Lockbox Transactions,specific Lockbox entitlements may be defined such as Lockbox Summary andLockbox Transaction. If an administrator wants to provide more specificentitlements, the following steps outlined below may be implemented: (1)adjust new entitlement types and limit types using the entitlementsmanager; (2) adjust the menus to display or hide items based on the newentitlements; (3) adjust the templates to display or hide items based onthe new entitlements; (4) insert new programming code into the serviceimplementation to check the new entitlements and limits; (5) restart theapplication server. If the underlying programming code was changed, itmay also be necessary to recompile and re-deploy the application.

In one embodiment of the current invention the entitlement hierarchy maybe administered by an administrator or other user using a graphical userinterface (GUI). This GUI component may be used for management of theentitlements master list, initial configuration of the entitlementshierarchy, as well as troubleshooting of any entitlement issues. The GUIis capable of controlling and managing all aspects of the entitlementshierarchy.

Application Programming Interface Calls

The following routines are provided in the currently preferredembodiment of the system to get and check entitlements:

Get the cumulative entitlements for the group specified: public staticboolean checkEntitlement(EntitlementGroupMember member, Entitlemententitlement).

Get the cumulative entitlements for the group member specified: publicstatic Entitlements getCumulativeEntitlements(EntitlementGroupMembermember).

Checks if the user is entitled to the specified entitlement: publicstatic boolean checkEntitlement(EntitlementGroupMember member,Entitlement entitlement).

The following routines are provided to manage groups:

Checks to see if an entitlement group already exists with the givenname, group type, and service bureau id: public static booleanentitlementGroupExists(String groupName, String groupType, intsvcBureauId).

Add a new entitlement group to the entitlement hierarchy: public staticEntitlementGroup addEntitlementGroup (EntitlementGroupMember member,EntitlementGroup ent).

Delete an entitlement group (will delete the group and any groups belowit in the hierarchy): public static voiddeleteEntitlementGroup(EntitlementGroupMember member, EntitlementGroupent).

Modify the properties of an entitlement group (if the parentId ismodified, this will have the effect of moving the group in thehierarchy): public static voidmodifyEntitlementGroup(EntitlementGroupMember member, EntitlementGroupent).

Get an entitlement group by id: public static EntitlementGroupgetEntitlementGroup(int groupId).

Get an entitlement group by name, group type, and service bureau id:public static EntitlementGroupgetEntitlementGroupByNameAndSvcBureau(String name, String groupType, intsvcBureau).

Get an entitlement group by type: public static EntitlementGroupsgetEntitlementGroupsByType(String group-Type).

Get an entitlement groups by type and service bureau id: public staticEntitlementGroups getEntitlementGroupsBy-TypeAndSvcBureauStringgroupType, int svcBureauId).

Get all the children of an entitlement group: public staticEntitlementGroups getChildrenEntitlementGroups(int groupId).

Get all the children of an entitlement group that have a specific grouptype: public static EntitlementGroups getChildrenByGroupType(intgroupId, String groupType).

Get all top level entitlement groups: public static EntitlementGroupsgetTopEntitlementGroups( ).

Get all top level entitlement groups for a specific service bureau id:public static EntitlementGroups getTopEntitlementGroupsBySvcBureau(intsvcBureauId).

The following routines are available for managing group administrators:

Get the entitlement groups administered by a given group: public staticEntitlementGroups getGroupsAdministeredBy(int groupId).

Get the entitlement groups that administer a given group: public staticEntitlementGroups getAdministratorsFor(int groupId).

Adds a group as an administer of another group: public static voidaddAdministratorGroup(EntitlementGroupMember member, EntitlementAdminadmin).

Modify group administration information: public static voidmodifyAdministratorGroup(EntitlementGroupMember member, EntitlementAdminadminToModify, EntitlementAdmin newAdminValues).

Deletes a group as an administrator for a specific group: public staticvoid deleteAdministratorGroup(EntitlementGroupMember member,EntitlementAdmin admin).

Returns true if the group specified in the admin object can administerthe target group specified in the admin object: public static booleancanAdminister(EntitlementAdmin admin).

Returns true if the group specified in the admin object can extend(create a child group) for the target group specified in the adminobject: public static boolean canExtend(EntitlementAdmin admin).

Routines to manage entitlement types:

Get the master entitlements list: public static HashMapgetEntitlementMap( ).

Checks to see if an entitlement type already exists with the given name:public static boolean entitlementTypeExists(String typeName).

Routines to manage the members of a group:

Get members of an entitlements group: public staticEntitlementGroupMembers getMembers (int grouped).

Add member to an entitlements group: public static void addMember(EntitlementGroupMember member, EntitlementGroupMember memberToAdd).

Modify the entitlements group that a member belongs to: public staticvoid modifyMember (EntitlementGroupMember member, EntitlementGroupMembermemberToModify).

Retrieve information for a specific group member: Public staticEntitlementGroupMember getMember(EntitlementGroupMember member).

Remove member from an entitlements group: public static voidremoveMember (EntitlementGroupMember member, EntitlementGroupMembermemberToRemove).

Get the number of members of a group: public static int getNumMembers(int groupId).

Routines to manage entitlements:

Get the raw entitlements for a specific entitlement group: public staticEntitlements getRestrictedEntitlements(EntitlementGroupMember member,int groupId).

Get the raw entitlements for a specific entitlement group member: publicstatic Entitlements getRestrictedEntitlements(EntitlementGroupMembermember, EntitlementGroupMember memberToList).

Set the list of restricted entitlements for a group: public static voidsetRestrictedEntitlements(EntitlementGroupMember member, int groupId,Entitlements restrictedEnts).

Set the list of restricted entitlements for a group member: publicstatic void setRestrictedEntitlements(EntitlementGroupMember member,EntitlementGroupMember memberToRestrict, Entitlements restrictedEnts).

Add the list of restricted entitlements for a group: public static voidaddRestrictedEntitlements(EntitlementGroupMember member, int groupId,Entitlements restrictedEnts).

Add the list of restricted entitlements for a group member: publicstatic void addRestrictedEntitlements(EntitlementGroupMember member,EntitlementGroupMember targetMember, Entitlements restrictedEnts).

Remove the list of restricted entitlements for a group: public staticvoid removeRestrictedEntitlements(EntitlementGroupMember member, intgroupId, Entitlements restrictedEnts).

Remove the list of restricted entitlements for a group member: publicstatic void removeRestrictedEntitlements(EntitlementGroupMember member,EntitlementGroupMember targetGroup, Entitlements restrictedEnts).

Routines to manage limits:

Get the cumulative limits starting from a particular entitlement group:public static Limits getCumulativeLimits(int groupId).

Get the cumulative limits starting from a particular entitlement groupmember: public static Limits getcumulativeLimits(EntitlementGroupMembermemberToGet).

Get the cumulative limits starting from a particular entitlement groupusing limit search criteria: public static LimitsgetCumulativeLimits(EntitlementGroupMember member, Limit search).

Get the cumulative limits starting from a particular entitlement groupwith specific limit search criteria: public static LimitsgetCumulativeLimits(EntitlementGroupMember member, int groupToGet, Limitsearch, HashMap extra).

Get the cumulative limits starting from a particular entitlement groupmember with specific limit search criteria: public static LimitsgetCumulativeLimits(EntitlementGroupMember member,EntitlementGroupMember memberToGet, Limit search, HashMap extra).

Get the limits for a particular entitlement group: public static LimitsgetGroupLimits(int groupId).

Get the limits for a particular entitlement group member: public staticLimits getGroupLimits(EntitlementGroupMember memberToGet).

Get the limits for a particular entitlement group using limit searchcriteria: public static Limits getGroupLimits(EntitlementGroupMembermember, int groupId, Limit search, HashMap extra).

Get the limits for a particular entitlement group member using limitsearch criteria: public static LimitsgetGroupLimits(EntitlementGroupMember member, EntitlementGroupMembermemberToGet, Limit search, HashMap extra).

Add a new limit to an entitlement group: public static voidaddGroupLimit(EntitlementGroupMember member, Limit limit).

Delete a limit from an entitlement group: public static voiddeleteGroupLimit(EntitlementGroupMember member, Limit limit).

Modify an existing limit in an entitlement group (period, name, data):public static void modifyGroupLimit(EntitlementGroupMember member, Limitlimit).

Checks to see if a limit already exists with the given name, group, andperiod: public static boolean limitExists(Limit I).

Routines to manage running totals:

Check/update limits/running totals for a new limitable transaction(limits that have been exceeded are returned): public static LimitscheckLimitsAdd(EntitlementGroupMember member, Entitlement ent, floatamount, java.util.Date transactionDate) throws Exception.

Check/update limits/running totals for an edited limitable transaction(limits that have been exceeded are returned): public static LimitscheckLimitsEdit(EntitlementGroupMember member, Entitlement ent, floatoldAmount, float newAmount, java.util.Date oldDate, java.util.DatenewDate) throws Exception.

Check/update limits/running totals for a deleted limitable transaction:public static void checkLimitsDelete(EntitlementGroupMember member,Entitlement ent, float amount, java.util.Date transactionDate) throwsException.

Routines for entitlements reporting:

Retrieves report data from the audit log component: public staticIReportResult getReportData(EntitlementGroupMember user, ReportCriteriacriteria, HashMap extra) throws CSILException.

Determine if a specific object is being referred to explicitly in anentitlement or limit: public static boolean isObjectInUse(StringobjectType, String objectId) throws CSILException.

Routines for cleaning up:

Removes running total information for limits of a given period that arenumDays old: public static void cleanup (int period, int numDays,HashMap extra).

While the invention is described in some detail with specific referenceto a single-preferred embodiment and certain alternatives, there is nointent to limit the invention to that particular embodiment or thosespecific alternatives. For instance, those skilled in the art willappreciate that modifications may be made to the preferred embodimentwithout departing from the teachings of the present invention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method implemented in a computer systemfor specifying and enforcing entitlements for performance of financialtransactions, the method comprising: in a computer system having atleast a processor and memory, providing a hierarchical entitlementstructure with inheritance for specifying entitlements for performingfinancial transactions; receiving user input for defining a plurality ofentitlement groups of said hierarchical entitlement structure, whereineach entitlement group has specified permissions to perform financialtransactions, limits on performance of said financial transactions, andmembership of each user, said hierarchical entitlement structure provingthat a given entitlement group inherits permissions provided to itsparent entitlement groups in said hierarchical entitlement structure,and wherein defining a plurality of entitlement groups includesrestricting permissions inherited by an entitlement group from itsparent entitlement group in said hierarchical entitlement structure; inresponse to a particular user request to perform a financial transactionat runtime, identifying the particular user's membership in a certainentitlement group; and determining whether to allow the particular userto perform the financial transaction based on permissions and limits ofsaid hierarchical entitlement structure applicable to the particularuser's performance of the financial transaction.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein said step of defining a plurality of entitlement groupsincludes defining permissions to access particular objects in afinancial application.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said step ofdefining a plurality of entitlement groups includes defining permissionsto perform functions on said particular objects.
 4. The method of claim2, wherein at least some of said particular objects represent bankaccounts.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said limits compriselimitations on values of financial transactions to be performed.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said step of defining a plurality ofentitlement groups includes defining limits comprising a selected one ofper-transaction limits and cumulative limits over a period of time. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein said step of defining a plurality ofentitlement groups includes defining permissions applying to a selectedone of functions of a financial application and objects of a financialapplication.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of defining aplurality of entitlement groups includes defining limits applicable toindividual users.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said step ofdefining a plurality of entitlement groups includes defining limitsapplicable collectively to members of an entitlement group.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said step of defining a plurality ofentitlement groups includes defining limits applying collectively to aparticular entitlement group and children entitlement groups of saidparticular entitlement group in said hierarchical entitlement structure.11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: tracking financialtransactions performed for purposes of determining compliance withlimits.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said step of trackingfinancial transactions performed includes maintaining running totalvalues of financial transactions performed in cache for improvedperformance.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said step ofdetermining whether to allow the particular user to perform thefinancial transaction includes determining whether any limits have beenexceeded based on the running total values and the value of thefinancial transaction requested by the particular user.
 14. The methodof claim 1, further comprising: maintaining permission information forentitlement groups in the hierarchical entitlement structure in cache toimprove system performance.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein saidpermission information is modeled as three-tuples representing negativepermissions.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein permissions provided toan entitlement group include permissions to administer a certain otherentitlement group.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein permissions toadminister a particular entitlement group include modifying permissionsof said certain other entitlement group.
 18. The method of claim 16,wherein said permissions to administer a certain other entitlement groupare subject to limitations defined for the entitlement group having saidpermissions to administer.
 19. The method of claim 1, whereinpermissions provided to an entitlement group include permissions toextend a certain other entitlement group.
 20. The method of claim 19,wherein permissions to extend a certain other entitlement group includepermissions to define a child entitlement group of said particularentitlement group.
 21. A system for specifying and enforcingentitlements for performance of financial transactions, the systemcomprising: a computer having at least a processor and memory; ahierarchical entitlement structure with inheritance for specifyingentitlements for performing financial transactions; a user input modulefor specifying a plurality of entitlement groups of said hierarchicalentitlement structure, wherein each entitlement group has specifiedpermissions to perform financial transactions, limits on performance ofsaid financial transactions, and user membership, said hierarchicalentitlement structure providing that a given entitlement group inheritspermissions provided to its parent entitlement group in saidhierarchical entitlement structure, and wherein said plurality ofentitlement groups includes a child entitlement group inheritingpermissions from its parent entitlement group in said hierarchicalentitlement structure; wherein: restrictions are applied to thepermissions inherited by such child inheritance and an enforcementmodule for determining, in response to a particular user's request toperform a given financial transaction at runtime, whether to allow theparticular user to perform the financial transaction based onpermissions and limits of said hierarchical entitlement structureapplicable to the entitlement group of which the particular user is amember.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein said permissions to performfinancial transactions include permissions to access particular objectsin a financial application.
 23. The system of claim 22, wherein saidstep wherein said permissions to perform financial transactions includepermissions to perform functions on said particular objects.
 24. Thesystem of claim 22, wherein at least some of said particular objectsrepresent bank accounts.
 25. The system of claim 21, wherein said limitscomprise limitations on values of financial transactions to beperformed.
 26. The system of claim 25, wherein limitations on values offinancial transactions to be performed comprise a selected one ofper-transaction limits and cumulative limits over a period of time. 27.The system of claim 21, wherein said permissions to perform financialtransactions include permissions applying to a selected one of functionsof a financial application and objects of a financial application. 28.The system of claim 21, wherein said specifying a plurality ofentitlement groups includes specifying limits applicable to individualusers.
 29. The system of claim 21, wherein said specifying a pluralityof entitlement groups includes specifying limits applicable collectivelyto members of an entitlement group.
 30. The system of claim 21, whereinsaid specifying a plurality of entitlement groups includes specifyinglimits applying collectively to a particular entitlement group andchildren entitlement groups of said particular entitlement group in saidhierarchical entitlement structure.
 31. The system of claim 21, furthercomprising: a module for tracking financial transactions performed forpurposes of determining compliance with limits.
 32. The system of claim31, wherein said module for tracking financial transactions performedmaintains running total values of financial transactions performed incache memory of the computer.
 33. The system of claim 32, wherein saidenforcement module determines whether to allow the particular user toperform the financial transaction based, at least in part, on saidrunning total values and the value of the financial transactionrequested by the particular user.
 34. The system of claim 21, furthercomprising: a module for maintaining permission information forentitlement groups in the hierarchical entitlement structure in cachememory of the computer.
 35. The system of claim 34, wherein saidpermission information is modeled as three-tuples representing negativepermissions.
 36. The system of claim 21, wherein permissions provided toan entitlement group include permissions to administer a certain otherentitlement group.
 37. The system of claim 36, wherein permissions toadminister a particular entitlement group include modifying permissionsof said certain other entitlement group.
 38. The system of claim 36,wherein said permissions to administer a certain other entitlement groupare subject to limitations defined for the entitlement group having saidpermissions to administer.
 39. A method for defining and enforcingpermissions and limits on performance of financial transactions in abanking system, the method comprising: in a banking system implementedin a computer system having at least a processor and memory, receivinguser input defining a plurality of entitlement groups, wherein eachentitlement group has specified users, permissions to perform financialtransactions and limits on performance said financial transactions;organizing said plurality of entitlement groups into a hierarchicalstructure with inheritance specifying permissions and limits forperforming financial transactions, said hierarchical entitlementstructure providing that a given entitlement group inherits permissionsprovided to its parent entitlement group in said hierarchicalentitlement structure, and wherein defining a plurality of entitlementgroups includes restricting permissions inherited by an entitlement mapfrom its parent entitlement group in said hierarchical entitlementstructure; in response to a particular user request to perform afinancial transaction in the banking system at runtime, identifying theparticular user's membership in a certain entitlement group; anddetermining whether to allow the particular user to perform thefinancial transaction based on permissions and limits of saidhierarchical entitlement structure applicable to the particular user'sperformance of the financial transaction.